Isothermal extrusion with billet taper and steady temperature
RCDIGITAL.CO.JP
November 2022
1
Introduction
Use isothermal extrusion data from billet taper and isokinetic extrusion with RcdWin. We simulated what happens to the control signal in the method of isothermal extrusion with steady state temperature. The expectation is that the simulated control signal should drop in the later part of the extrusion compared to the measured data control signal. The reason is that the extruded profile temperature rises in the second half.
Some discrepancies between the simulated and measured data in the first half are due to slight differences in the parameters of both. In the simulation, find the steady-state temperature and check the simulation control signal.
The program is RcdWinMoni, a program for simulating RcdWin data.
↑TOP of Page
2
What is billet taper?
A billet taper is a type of billet heater. A temperature gradient is applied from the leading edge of the billet to the trailing edge of the billet. For example, if the front end of the billet is set to 500°C and the rear end to 470°C, a temperature gradient of 30°C is created.
Even if the speed is constant in isokinetic extrusion, the extrusion temperature may rise due to the extrusion die or alloy. To avoid this, the idea is that if the billet temperature is graded, the extrusion temperature may become constant.
Billet heaters include gas heating furnace types, electromagnetic induction heating types, and strong magnetic field heating types.
・The gas heating furnace type is used for long billets with a length of about 10m. Before sending it to the billet taper, it is heated to about 400°C. Long billets are cut into lengths of about 1m before being sent to the billet taper.
・Electromagnetic induction heating is used to create a temperature gradient on a billet cut into pieces of about 1m. Divide the billet taper into four zones and place a coil in each zone. Changing the frequency and voltage flowing through each coil changes the magnitude of the eddy current generated by the lines of magnetic force, creating a temperature gradient.
Taper heating ends in about 100 seconds.
System efficiency is around 60%.

FIG2-1> Induction heating
When a current is passed through a coil, magnetic lines of force are generated. When an aluminum alloy is placed in a coil, an eddy current is generated in the aluminum alloy in a direction that hinders the change in magnetic flux. Due to electrical resistance, Joule heat corresponding to W = i^2 x R is generated and the aluminum alloy heats up.
W ∝ f・B/σ W: Heating power f: Frequency B: Magnetic flux density σ: Conductivity.
・In the strong magnetic field heating system, the billet surrounded by superconducting magnets is rotated and heated by eddy currents. Compared to electromagnetic induction heating, the billet rotates slowly at about 4Hz, so the eddy current flows uniformly to the center of the billet. Therefore, the temperature is uniform from the surface to the center.
The taper is adjusted by the angle of the superconducting magnet for each zone. Tilting the angle weakens the magnetic field and therefore weakens the eddy currents.
It saves energy compared to electromagnetic induction heating, and the system efficiency is said to be about 80%.
Note> What is an aluminum alloy billet?
In order to obtain the properties required for the product, aluminum is mixed with magnesium, silicon, etc., and a circular alloy with a length of about 10m is created using a casting machine.
The raw material for aluminum is an iron ore called bauxite. The process of extracting aluminum from bauxite by electrolysis is called smelting.
↑TOP of Page
3
What is a radiation thermometer?
Thermometers used in factories include thermocouples, resistance temperature detectors, and radiation thermometers.
The temperature of the extruded profile during aluminum extrusion is measured using a non-contact, high-speed radiation thermometer.
The radiation thermometer converts the infrared rays of the extruded profile into electrical signals with thermapile detection elements.
This electrical signal is amplified, emissivity corrected, and the temperature output.
The radiation thermometer has three parameters:
the emissivity of the extruded profile, the distance between the extruded profile and the sensor, and the measurable range (spot diameter) of the extruded profile.
Three parameters are difficult to set accurately in the extrusion field.
The reason is below.
・The emissivity differs for each extruded aluminum alloy. It is inefficient to check and set the emissivity for each aluminum alloy.
・Extrusion profile differs for each extrusion die. Therefore, the distance between the extruded profile and the sensor is different for each mold. It is inefficient to check and set it.
・The distance between the extruded profile and the sensor tends to be large. The temperature of the extruded profile is high, about 550°C. Therefore, reducing the distance may destroy the sensor.
However, the larger the distance, the larger the spot diameter. If the spot diameter becomes larger on the face of the extruded profile, the radiation cannot be measured accurately.
For the above reasons, the radiant temperature of an extruded aluminum profile is a rough guideline rather than an exact value.
What is important is the temperature gradient.
Once the temperature is known to rise, it can be adjusted with extrusion speed and billet taper. Looking at the temperature of the radiation thermometer, the temperature gradient seems to be measured correctly.
Note> What is emissivity?
Emissivity is a value between 0 and 1.
1 = absorptance + reflectance + transmittance.
Emissivity = absorption rate. For aluminum alloys, it varies depending on the infrared wavelength.
In the case of near-infrared rays used at high temperatures, the value is about 0.1 or 0.2.
Near-infrared light has a large energy and a small wavelength, so it can be made into a stable and small spot.

Note> What is a thermocouple?
Thermocouples use the Seebeck effect.
An electric signal (thermoelectromotive force) of temperature information is detected from the voltage of the temperature difference ΔT between the temperature of the junction (temperature measuring junction) T1 of two kinds of metals and the temperature of the junction (reference junction) T0 on the measuring instrument side.
Note> What is RTD?
A sensor that measures temperature by measuring the electrical resistance of a metal or metal oxide due to temperature changes.
It can measure very low temperatures, but not high temperatures. Resistance temperature detectors are used to measure the temperature of the environment, and thermocouples are used to measure the temperature of industrial furnaces.
↑TOP of Page
4
What is Isothermal Extrusion Tuning?
The following three points can be considered for adjusting isothermal extrusion.
(1) Increase the start-up temperature before steady state.
(2) Since there seems to be a margin in the extrusion temperature, increase the extrusion speed.
(3) Improve the accuracy of isothermal extrusion.
(1) can be achieved by adjusting the RcdWin ramp-up coefficient within a range that does not overshoot.
(2) can be achieved by increasing the set extrusion speed. Although it depends on the type of extrusion die and billet aluminum alloy, for example, the steady-state temperature is 564°C when the extrusion speed is 4mm/s, and 577°C when the extrusion speed is 5.5mm/s. The higher the speed, the higher the steady-state temperature.
(3) Isothermal extrusion at a steady temperature will be explained from now on.
4-1 Adjustment of steady temperature isothermal extrusion
Billet temperature (or billet taper temperature) and extrusion speed are usually found in the instructions.
However, there is usually no extruded profile temperature.
Therefore, the extrusion temperature is automatically calculated from the extrusion speed.
The steady temperature is the temperature when the extrusion speed reaches the set speed and the temperature of the extruded profile stabilizes. The operator can now perform isothermal extrusion automatically while performing isokinetic extrusion.
Billet tapers are not always supplied with extruders. Using isothermal extrusion with steady temperature would result in a slow ramp, but an isothermal effect can be expected.
Even when there is a billet taper, there is an advantage in fine-tuning the isothermal conditions.
Example>
・If the shape temperature rises by 1°C or more from the steady temperature, the speed will ramp up to 10% of the set speed.
・Isothermal effect can be expected even when the billet cools due to suspension of extrusion.
Points to note>
・The shape temperature is very unstable. When it is not stable, it will automatically extrude at a constant speed.
・The profile temperature varies depending on the extrusion die, and may or may not be obtained.
・The steady temperature may or may not be obtained.
↑TOP of Page
5
Advantages of steady temperature isothermal extrusion
By increasing the parameter of shape temperature, the adjustment range of extrusion is widened.
For example:
・Isothermal extrusion is possible by installing a billet taper and a radiation thermometer and performing isokinetic extrusion. There is no new burden on workers.
・In the event of defects such as cracks in the extruded shape, the extrusion temperature of the shape can also be used as data for investigating the cause.
・Workers who feel that the steady-state temperature is low can increase the extrusion speed and increase productivity.
・By increasing the tip temperature of the billet taper, the start-up is quicker and productivity can be improved.
・It is generally said that isothermal extrusion makes the aluminum alloy molecular arrangement uniform inside the shape and improves the quality.
↑TOP of Page
6
Steady-state temperature search example
Use isothermal extrusion data from billet taper and isokinetic extrusion with RcdWin.
We simulated what happens to the control signal in the method of isothermal extrusion with steady state temperature.
The expectation is that the simulated control signal should drop in the later part of the extrusion compared to the measured data control signal. The reason is that the extruded profile temperature rises in the second half.
Some discrepancies between the simulated and measured data in the first half are due to slight differences in the parameters of both.
In the simulation, find the steady-state temperature and check the simulation control signal.
The program is RcdWinMoni, a program for simulating RcdWin data.
6.1 4 EXAMPLES OF SET SPEED AND STEADY TEMPERATURE
Mold |
Set speed |
Steady temperature |
Extruded profile final temperature |
Temperature error |
Extrusion time |
Remarks |
A |
4mm/s |
554℃ |
556℃ |
2℃ |
240seconds |
|
B |
4mm/s |
565℃ |
568℃ |
3℃ |
186seconds |
|
C |
3.5mm/s |
539℃ |
541℃ |
2℃ |
155seconds |
|
D |
1mm/s |
490℃ |
484℃ |
-6℃ |
620seconds |
Since the temperature has not risen, normal constant velocity extrusion is performed. |
Table6-1 Set speed and steady temperature
Based on the above example, it seems to be a good idea to search for a steady-state temperature of 500°C or higher and carry out isothermal extrusion at a steady-state temperature.
Note that the ram speed does not increase due to relief pressure for many minutes. Moreover, if the constant velocity state is short, the extrusion may end before the steady temperature can be found.
6.2 ISOTHERMAL EXTRUSION GRAPH EXAMPLE
Category |
Color |
Description |
Setting parameter |
Light blue |
Set speed |
White at the top of the screen |
Relief pressure |
Steady temperature |
Yellow over purple |
Gradient extrusion at steady temperature |
Pink above purple |
Constant speed extrusion at stable temperature |
Measurement data |
Purple |
Temperature of radiation thermometer. |
Red |
Pressure |
Blue |
Measured data of the control signal to the extruder |
White |
Ram speed |
Green |
Extrusion speed |
Simulation |
Yellow and White |
Simulation of the control signal to the extruder |
Table6-2 Graph line description

Figure 6-1 > Mold A
The profile temperature is almost the same as the stationary temperature. On the numbers, it has risen by 2℃, but on the graph it is almost the same.
The slopes of the blue control signal and the simulated white control signal are approximately the same.

Figure 6-2 > Mold B
The profile temperature is about 3°C higher than the steady temperature.
The white simulated control signal is much more slanted compared to the blue control signal. This is because the error is large.

Figure 6-3 > Mold C
The profile temperature is about 2°C higher than the steady temperature.
The white simulated control signal is much more slanted compared to the blue control signal.

Figure 6-4 > Mold D
The profile temperature does not rise in the second half, but drops slightly.
The slopes of the blue control signal and the simulated white control signal are approximately the same.
↑TOP of Page